Patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure and OHS 56 Nicholas Hart and Patrick B. Murphy Patients with acute-on-chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure 60 due to non-COPD obstructive lung disease and interstitial disorders Marieke L. Duiverman and Peter J. Wijkstra The patient with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure excluding 67 pulmonary oedema Pongdhep Theerawit, Yuda Sutherasan and Paolo Pelosi The patient with acute hypoxaemic failure and cardiogenic 72 pulmonary oedema João C. Winck and Luís F. Azevedo Chapter 4 – Paediatric indications for NIV Acute NIV in children, including ventilator and interface choice 79 Alessandro Amaddeo and Brigitte Fauroux Chapter 5 – Airway clearance and physiotherapy Airway clearance methods and nebulised therapy in acute NIV 86 Michelle Chatwin Chapter 6 – Monitoring progress in acute NIV Monitoring choices in acute NIV 93 Raffaele Scala Starting and stopping acute NIV: when and why? 102 Bernd Schönhofer Problem-solving: case studies of NIV problems and their 111 management Alanna Hare